for i in `cat /root/list.txt`
do doSomething
done
for line in $(cat /etc/fstab)
do echo $line ;
sleep 1
done
Conditions in bash scripting (if statements)
If you use bash for scripting you will undoubtedly have to use conditions a lot, for example for an if … then construct or a while loop. The syntax of these conditions can seem a bit daunting to learn and use. This tutorial aims to help the reader understanding conditions in bash, and provides a comprehensive list of the possibilities. A small amount of general shell knowledge is assumed.
Difficulty: Basic – Medium
And that’s what if does essentially, checking the exit status of a command. I’ll explain that in more detail further in the tutorial.
There also are built-in checks that are more specific to shells. What
about this one?
is a regular file. A regular file means that it’s not a block or
character device, or a directory. This way, you can make sure a usable
file exists before doing something with it. You can even check if a
file is readable!
brackets, eg. [ ]. You can read about the different types further on
in the tutorial. You can add commands to be executed when the condition is false using the else keyword, and use the elif (elseif) keyword to execute commands on another condition if the primary condition is false. The else keyword always comes last. Example:
Anyway, I’ve only shown you conditions between single brackets so far. There are more syntaxes, however, as you will read in the next section.
With the double-parenthesis syntax, you can use the following conditions:
That’s pretty much the opposite of many programming languages where 0 equals false and 1 (or more) equals true. The reason behind this is that shells like bash deal with programs a lot. By UNIX convention, programs use an exit status for indicating whether execution went alright or an error occured. As a succesful execution doesn’t require any explanation, it needs only one exit status. If there was a problem, however, it is useful to know what went wrong. Therefore, 0 is used for a succesful execution, and 1-255 to indicate what kind of error occured. The meaning of the numbers 1-255 differs depending on the program returning them.
Anyway, if executes the block after then when the command returns 0. Yes, conditions are commands. The phrase [ $foo -ge 3 ] returns an exit status, and the other two syntaxes as well! Therefore, there’s a neat trick you can use to quickly test a condition:
Well, so much for the diving. If you want to know even more, I’d like to point you to the Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide and maybe the Bash Reference Manual.
Difficulty: Basic – Medium
Introduction
Bash features a lot of built-in checks and comparisons, coming in quite handy in many situations. You’ve probably seen if statements like the following before:if [ $foo -ge 3 ]; thenThe condition in this example is essentially a command. It may sound strange, but surrounding a comparison with square brackets is the same as using the built-in test command, like this:
if test $foo -ge 3; thenIf $foo is Greater then or Equal to 3, the block after ‘then’ will be executed. If you always wondered why bash tends to use -ge or -eq instead of >= or ==, it’s because this condition type originates from a command, where -ge and -eq are options.
And that’s what if does essentially, checking the exit status of a command. I’ll explain that in more detail further in the tutorial.
There also are built-in checks that are more specific to shells. What
about this one?
if [ -f regularfile ]; thenThe above condition is true if the file ‘regularfile’ exists and
is a regular file. A regular file means that it’s not a block or
character device, or a directory. This way, you can make sure a usable
file exists before doing something with it. You can even check if a
file is readable!
if [ -r readablefile]; thenThe above condition is true if the file ‘readablefile’ exists and is readable. Easy, isn’t it?
The syntax of an if statement (a short explanation)
The basic syntax of an if … then statement is like this:ifThe condition is, depending on its type, surrounded by certain; then
fi
brackets, eg. [ ]. You can read about the different types further on
in the tutorial. You can add commands to be executed when the condition is false using the else keyword, and use the elif (elseif) keyword to execute commands on another condition if the primary condition is false. The else keyword always comes last. Example:
if [ -r somefile ]; thenA short explanation of the example: first we check if the file somefile is readable (“if [ -r somefile ]”). If so, we read it into a variable. If not, we check if it actually exists (“elif [ -f somefile ]”). If that’s true, we report that it exists but isn’t readable (if it was, we would have read the content). If the file doesn’t exist, we report so, too. The condition at elif is only executed if the condition at if was false. The commands belonging to else are only executed if both conditions are false.
content=$(cat somefile)
elif [ -f somefile ]; then
echo “The file ‘somefile’ exists but is not readable to the script.”
else
echo “The file ‘somefile’ does not exist.”
fi
The basic rules of conditions
When you start writing and using your own conditions, there are some rules you should know to prevent getting errors that are hard to trace. Here follow three important ones:- Always keep spaces between the brackets and the actual check/comparison. The following won’t work:
if [$foo -ge 3]; then
Bash will complain about a “missing `]'”. - Always terminate the line before putting a new keyword like “then”. The words if, then, else, elif and fi are shell keywords, meaning that they cannot share the same line. Put a “;” between the previous statement and the keyword or place the keyword on the start of a new line. Bash will throw errors like “syntax error near unexpected token `fi'” if you don’t.
- It is a good habit to quote string variables if you use them in conditions, because otherwise they are likely to give trouble if they contain
spaces and/or newlines. By quoting I mean:
if [ “$stringvar” == “tux” ]; then
There are a few cases in which you should not
quote, but they are rare. You will see one of them further on in the tutorial.
- You can invert a condition by putting an “!” in front of it. Example:
if [ ! -f regularfile ]; then
Be sure to place the “!” inside the brackets! - You can combine conditions by using certain operators. For the single-bracket syntax that we’ve been using so far, you can use “-a” for and and “-o” for or. Example:
if [ $foo -ge 3 -a $foo -lt 10 ]; then
The above condition will return true if $foo contains an integer greater than or equal to 3 and Less Than 10. You can read more about these combining expressions at the respective condition syntaxes.
Anyway, I’ve only shown you conditions between single brackets so far. There are more syntaxes, however, as you will read in the next section.
Different condition syntaxes
Bash features different syntaxes for conditions. I will list the three of them:1. Single-bracket syntax
This is the condition syntax you have already seen in the previous paragraphs; it’s the oldest supported syntax. It supports three types of conditions:- File-based conditions
- Allows different kinds of checks on a file. Example:
if [ -L symboliclink ]; then
The above condition is true if the file ‘symboliclink’ exists and is a symbolic link. For more file-based conditions see the table below.
- Allows different kinds of checks on a file. Example:
- String-based conditions
- Allows checks on a string and comparing of strings. Example one:
if [ -z “$emptystring” ]; then
The above condition is true if $emptystring is an empty string or an uninitialized variable. Example two:
if [ “$stringvar1” == “cheese” ]; then
The above condition is true if $stringvar1 contains just the string “cheese”. For more string-based conditions see the table below.
- Allows checks on a string and comparing of strings. Example one:
- Arithmetic (number-based) conditions
- Allows comparing integer numbers. Example:
if [ $num -lt 1 ]; then
The above condition returns true if $num is less than 1. For more arithmetic conditions see the table below.
- Allows comparing integer numbers. Example:
2. Double-bracket syntax
You may have encountered conditions enclosed in double square brackets already, which look like this:if [[ “$stringvar” == *string* ]]; thenThe double-bracket syntax serves as an enhanced version of the single-bracket syntax; it mainly has the same features, but also some important differences with it. I will list them here:
- The first difference can be seen in the above example; when comparing strings, the double-bracket syntax features shell globbing. This means that an asterisk (“*”) will expand to literally anything, just as you probably know from normal command-line usage. Therefore, if $stringvar contains the phrase “string” anywhere, the condition will return true. Other forms of shell globbing are allowed, too. If you’d like to match both “String” and “string”, you could use the following syntax:
if [[ “$stringvar” == *[sS]tring* ]]; then
Note that only general shell globbing is allowed. Bash-specific things like {1..4} or {foo,bar} will not work. Also note that the globbing will not work if you quote the right string. In this case you should leave it unquoted. - The second difference is that word splitting is prevented. Therefore, you could omit placing quotes around string variables and use a condition like the following without problems:
if [[ $stringvarwithspaces != foo ]]; then
Nevertheless, the quoting string variables remains a good habit, so I recommend just to keep doing it. - The third difference consists of not expanding filenames. I will illustrate this difference using two examples, starting with the old single-bracket situation:
if [ -a *.sh ]; then
The above condition will return true if there is one single file in the working directory that has a .sh extension. If there are none, it will return false. If there are several .sh files, bash will throw an error and stop executing the script. This is because *.sh is expanded to the files in the working directory. Using double brackets prevents this:
if [[ -a *.sh ]]; then
The above condition will return true only if there is a file in the working directory called “*.sh”, no matter what other .sh files exist. The asterisk is taken literally, because the double-bracket syntax does not expand filenames. - The fourth difference is the addition of more generally known combining expressions, or, more specific, the operators “&&” and “||”. Example:
if [[ $num -eq 3 && “$stringvar” == foo ]]; then
The above condition returns true if $num is equal to 3 and $stringvar is equal to “foo”. The -a and -o known from the single-bracket syntax is supported, too.
Note that the and operator has precedence over the or operator, meaning that “&&” or “-a” will be evaluated before “||” or “-o”. - The fifth difference is that the double-bracket syntax allows regex pattern matching using the “=~” operator. See the table for more information.
3. Double-parenthesis syntax
There also is another syntax for arithmetic (number-based) conditions, most likely adopted from the Korn shell:if (( $num <= 5 )); thenThe above condition is true if $num is less than or equal to 5. This syntax may seem more familiar to programmers. It features all the ‘normal’ operators, like “==”, “<” and “>=”. It supports the “&&” and “||” combining expressions (but not the -a and -o ones!). It is equivalent to the built-in let command.
Table of conditions
The following table list the condition possibilities for both the single- and the double-bracket syntax. Save a single exception, the examples are given in single-bracket syntax, but are always compatible with double brackets.1. File-based conditions: | ||
| Condition | True if | Example/explanation |
|---|---|---|
| [ -a existingfile ] | file ‘existingfile’ exists. | if [ -a tmp.tmp ]; then rm -f tmp.tmp # Make sure we’re not bothered by an old temporary filefi |
| [ -b blockspecialfile ] | file ‘blockspecialfile’ exists and is block special. | Block special files are special kernel files found in /dev, mainly used for ATA devices like hard disks, cd-roms and floppy disks. if [ -b /dev/fd0 ]; then dd if=floppy.img of=/dev/fd0 # Write an image to a floppy fi |
| [ -c characterspecialfile ] | file ‘characterspecialfile’ exists and is character special. | Character special files are special kernel files found in /dev, used for all kinds of purposes (audio hardware, tty’s, but also /dev/null). if [ -c /dev/dsp ]; then cat raw.wav > /dev/dsp # This actually works for certain raw wav files fi |
| [ -d directory ] | file ‘directory’ exists and is a directory. | In UNIX-style, directories are a special kind of file. if [ -d ~/.kde ]; then echo "You seem to be a kde user." fi |
| [ -e existingfile ] | file ‘existingfile’ exists. | (same as -a, see that entry for an example) |
| [ -f regularfile ] | file ‘regularfile’ exists and is a regular file. | A regular file is neither a block or character special file nor a directory. if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then source ~/.bashrc fi |
| [ -g sgidfile ] | file ‘sgidfile’ exists and is set-group-ID. | When the SGID-bit is set on a directory, all files created in that directory will inherit the group of the directory. if [ -g . ]; then echo "Created files are inheriting the group ‘$(ls -ld . | awk ‘{ print $4 }’)’ from the working directory." fi |
| [ -G fileownedbyeffectivegroup ] | file ‘fileownedbyeffectivegroup’ exists and is owned by the effective group ID. | The effective group id is the primary group id of the executing user. if [ ! -G file ]; then # An exclamation mark inverts the outcome of the condition following it chgrp $(id -g) file # Change the group if it’s not the effective one fi |
| [ -h symboliclink ] | file ‘symboliclink’ exists and is a symbolic link. | if [ -h $pathtofile ]; then pathtofile=$(readlink -e $pathtofile) # Make sure $pathtofile contains the actual file and not a symlink to it fi |
| [ -k stickyfile ] | file ‘stickyfile’ exists and has its sticky bit set. | The sticky bit has got quite a history, but is now used to prevent world-writable directories from having their contents deletable by anyone. if [ ! -k /tmp ]; then # An exclamation mark inverts the outcome of the condition following it echo "Warning! Anyone can delete and/or rename your files in /tmp!" fi |
| [ -L symboliclink ] | file ‘symboliclink’ exists and is a symbolic link. | (same as -h, see that entry for an example) |
| [ -N modifiedsincelastread ] | file ‘modifiedsincelastread’ exists and was modified after the last read. | if [ -N /etc/crontab ]; then killall -HUP crond # SIGHUP makes crond reread all crontabsfi |
| [ -O fileownedbyeffectiveuser ] | file ‘fileownedbyeffectiveuser’ exists and is owned by the user executing the script. | if [ -O file ]; then chmod 600 file # Makes the file private, which is a bad idea if you don’t own it fi |
| [ -p namedpipe ] | file ‘namedpipe’ exists and is a named pipe. | A named pipe is a file in /dev/fd/ that can be read just once. See my bash tutorial for a case in which it’s used. if [ -p $file ]; then cp $file tmp.tmp # Make sure we’ll be able to read file="tmp.tmp" # the file as many times as we like fi |
| [ -r readablefile ] | file ‘readablefile’ exists and is readable to the script. | if [-r file ]; then content=$(cat file) # Set $content to the content of the filefi |
| [ -s nonemptyfile ] | file ‘nonemptyfile’ exists and has a size of more than 0 bytes. | if [ -s logfile ]; then gzip logfile # Backup the old logfile touch logfile # before creating a fresh one. fi |
| [ -S socket ] | file ‘socket’ exists and is a socket. | A socket file is used for inter-process communication, and features an interface similar to a network connection. if [ -S /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock ]; then mysql –socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock # See this MySQL tipfi |
| [ -t openterminal ] | file descriptor ‘openterminal’ exists and refers to an open terminal. | Virtually everything is done using files on Linux/UNIX, and the terminal is no exception. if [ -t /dev/pts/3 ]; then echo -e "nHello there. Message from terminal $(tty) to you." > /dev/pts/3 # Anyone using that terminal will actually see this message! fi |
| [ -u suidfile ] | file ‘suidfile’ exists and is set-user-ID. | Setting the suid-bit on a file causes execution of that file to be done with the credentials of the owner of the file, not of the executing user. if [ -u executable ]; then echo "Running program executable as user $(ls -l executable | awk ‘{ print $3 }’)." fi |
| [ -w writeablefile ] | file ‘writeablefile’ exists and is writeable to the script. | if [ -w /dev/hda ]; then grub-install /dev/hda fi |
| [ -x executablefile ] | file ‘executablefile’ exists and is executable for the script. | Note that the execute permission on a directory means that it’s searchable (you can see which files it contains). if [ -x /root ]; then echo "You can view the contents of the /root directory." fi |
| [ newerfile -nt olderfile ] | file ‘newerfile’ was changed more recently than ‘olderfile’, or if ‘newerfile’ exists and ‘olderfile’ doesn’t. | if [ story.txt1 -nt story.txt ]; then echo "story.txt1 is newer than story.txt; I suggest continuing with the former." fi |
| [ olderfile -ot newerfile ] | file ‘olderfile’ was changed longer ago than ‘newerfile’, or if ‘newerfile’ exists and ‘olderfile’ doesn’t. | if [ /mnt/remote/remotefile -ot localfile ]; then cp -f localfile /mnt/remote/remotefile # Make sure the remote location has the newest version of the file, too fi |
| [ same -ef file ] | file ‘same’ and file ‘file’ refer to the same device/inode number. | if [ /dev/cdrom -ef /dev/dvd ]; then echo "Your primary cd drive appears to read dvd’s, too." fi |
2. String-based conditions: | ||
| Condition | True if | Example/explanation |
| [ STRING1 == STRING2 ] | STRING1 is equal to STRING2. | if [ "$1" == "moo" ]; then echo $cow # Ever tried executing ‘apt-get moo’?fi Note: you can also use a single "=" instead of a double one. |
| [ STRING1 != STRING2 ] | STRING1 is not equal to STRING2. | if [ "$userinput" != "$password" ]; then echo "Access denied! Wrong password!" exit 1 # Stops script execution right here fi |
| [ STRING1 > STRING2 ] | STRING1 sorts after STRING2 in the current locale (lexographically). | The backslash before the angle bracket is there because the bracket needs to be escaped to be interpreted correctly. As an example we have a basic bubble sort: (Don’t feel ashamed if you don’t understand this, it is a more complex example) array=( linux tutorial blog ) swaps=1 while (( swaps > 0 )); do swaps=0 for (( i=0; i < (( ${#array[@]} – 1 )) ; i++ )); do if [ "${array[$i]}" > "${array[$(( i + 1 ))]}" ]; then # Here is the sorting condition tempstring=${array[$i]} array[$i]=${array[$(( i + 1 ))]} array[$(( i + 1 ))]=$tempstring (( swaps=swaps + 1 )) fi done done echo ${array[@]} # Returns "blog linux tutorial" |
| [ STRING1 < STRING2 ] | STRING1 sorts before STRING2 in the current locale (lexographically). | |
| [ -n NONEMPTYSTRING ] | NONEMPTYSTRING has a length of more than zero. | This condition only accepts valid strings, so be sure to quote anything you give to it. if [ -n "$userinput" ]; then userinput=parse($userinput) # Only parse if the user actually gave some input. fi Note that you can also omit the "-n", as brackets with just a string in it behave the same. |
| [ -z EMPTYSTRING ] | EMPTYSTRING is an empty string. | This condition also accepts non-string input, like an uninitialized variable: if [ -z $uninitializedvar ]; then uninitializedvar="initialized" # -z returns true on an uninitialized variable, so we initialize it here. fi |
| Double-bracket syntax only:[[ STRING1 =~ REGEXPATTERN ]] | STRING1 matches REGEXPATTERN. | If you are familiar with Regular Expressions, you can use this conditions to perform a regex match. if [[ "$email" =~ "b[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+.[A-Za-z]{2,4}b" ]]; then echo "$email contains a valid e-mail address." fi |
3. Arithmetic (number-based) conditions: | ||
| Condition | True if | Example/explanation |
| [ NUM1 -eq NUM2 ] | NUM1 is EQual to NUM2. | These conditions only accept integer numbers. Strings will be converted to integer numbers, if possible. Some random examples: if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then # $? returns the exit status of the previous command echo "Previous command ran succesfully." fi if [ $(ps -p $pid -o ni=) -ne $(nice) ]; then echo "Process $pid is running with a non-default nice value" fi if [ $num -lt 0 ]; then echo "Negative numbers not allowed; exiting…" exit 1 fi |
| [ NUM1 -ne NUM2 ] | NUM1 is Not Equal to NUM2. | |
| [ NUM1 -gt NUM2 ] | NUM1 is Greater Than NUM2. | |
| [ NUM1 -ge NUM2 ] | NUM1 is Greater than or Equal to NUM2. | |
| [ NUM1 -lt NUM2 ] | NUM1 is Less Than NUM2. | |
| [ NUM1 -le NUM2 ] | NUM1 is Less than or Equal to NUM2. | |
4. Miscellaneous conditions: | ||
| Condition | True if | Example/explanation |
| [ -o shelloption ] | shell option ‘shelloption’ is enabled. | Shell options modify the behaviour of bash, except a few unmodifiable ones that indicate the shell status. if [ ! -o checkwinsize ] # An exclamation mark inverts the outcome of the condition following it echo "Shell option checkwinsize is disabled; enabling it so you can resize you terminal window without problems." shopt -s checkwinsize # This shell option is modifiable fi if [ -o login_shell ]; then echo "This a a login shell." # This shell option is not modifiable fi |
Diving a little deeper
I said I’d tell more about the fact that if essentially checks the exit status of commands. And so I will. The basic rule of bash when it comes to conditions is 0 equals true, >0 equals false.That’s pretty much the opposite of many programming languages where 0 equals false and 1 (or more) equals true. The reason behind this is that shells like bash deal with programs a lot. By UNIX convention, programs use an exit status for indicating whether execution went alright or an error occured. As a succesful execution doesn’t require any explanation, it needs only one exit status. If there was a problem, however, it is useful to know what went wrong. Therefore, 0 is used for a succesful execution, and 1-255 to indicate what kind of error occured. The meaning of the numbers 1-255 differs depending on the program returning them.
Anyway, if executes the block after then when the command returns 0. Yes, conditions are commands. The phrase [ $foo -ge 3 ] returns an exit status, and the other two syntaxes as well! Therefore, there’s a neat trick you can use to quickly test a condition:
[ $foo -ge 3 ] && echo trueIn this example, “echo true” is only executed if “[ $foo -ge 3 ]” returns 0 (true). Why is that, you might ask. It’s because bash only evaluates a condition when needed. When using the and combining expression, both conditions need to be true to make the combining expression return true. If the first condition returns false, it doesn’t matter what the second one returns; the result will be false. Therefore, bash doesn’t evaluate the second condition, and that’s the reason why “echo true” is not executed in the example. This is the same for the or operator (“||”), where the second condition is not evaluated if the first one is true.
Well, so much for the diving. If you want to know even more, I’d like to point you to the Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide and maybe the Bash Reference Manual.
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